Observation of He and H in the volcanic crater lakes: possible evidence for natural nuclear fusion in deep Earth

Mantle helium and other volatiles may be released to volcanic crater lakes. This paper presents the observation of H and mantle helium in the crater Lakes Nemrut (Turkey), Laacher (Germany) and Pavin (France). The presence of excess H in the lakes can be explained as material released from mantle sources because of the correlation of excess H with mantle He and He. The helium concentration was much higher in the bottom layers of the lakes. The He and He concentrations in Lakes Nemrut, Laacher, and Pavin were determined to be 25 and 190; 10 and 50; and 70 and 500 times larger than the atmospheric saturation value, respectively. The isotopic ratio of the excess helium, Heex/ Heex, in Lakes Nemrut, Laacher and Pavin was (1.032±0.006)×10, (7.42±0.03)×10 and (9.09±0.01)×10 respectively. The ratios clearly indicate that large amounts of helium isotopes are released to the lakes from a mantle source. The excess H at the bottom of Lakes Nemrut, Laacher and Pavin is estimated to be 3.7±1.4 TU, ~1.4 TU and ~4 TU respectively. Detection of tritium in the Earth’s interior is key evidence for natural nuclear fusion in the Earth. We conclude that the excess H in the lakes, after the origin of the excess H from atmosphere and conventional nuclear reactions are excluded, and the correlation of the excess H and mantle He is considered, might be from a mantle source. We also conclude that the H and He are produced by nuclear fusion (d-d reaction) in an environment (condensed matter or plasma) rich in H atoms and (U+Th) at high temperature and high pressure conditions in deep Earth.